NCE Study Mode #7

Question 1 of 200

1. Question

What is the primary goal of treatment planning in mental health?

To prescribe medication
To establish a therapeutic alliance
To diagnose mental disorders
To generate insurance claims

Question 2 of 200

2. Question

Jessica, a 30-year-old, experiences severe social phobia, impacting her career. What is a primary goal in her treatment plan?

Administering medication to alleviate anxiety.
Gradual exposure to social situations.
Exploring her early family dynamics.
Encouraging her to work from home.

Question 3 of 200

3. Question

Daniel, a 45-year-old man, is struggling with alcohol addiction. What is a key aspect of his treatment plan?

Immediate detoxification.
Administering mood stabilizers.
Exploring his childhood experiences.
Encouraging moderate alcohol consumption.

Question 4 of 200

4. Question

John, a 60-year-old man, has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and is experiencing active hallucinations and delusions. What is the primary focus of his initial treatment plan?

Assist John in understanding and managing his symptoms.
Explore his childhood experiences and family dynamics.
Refer him to a day program for socialization.
Administer antipsychotic medication to alleviate symptoms.

Question 5 of 200

5. Question

Michael, a 40-year-old combat veteran, presents with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). What should be an early goal in Michael’s treatment plan?

Encourage Michael to reconnect with his military unit.
Teach relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety.
Address his traumatic experiences through trauma-focused therapy.
Refer him to a support group for veterans.

Question 6 of 200

6. Question

Laura, a 28-year-old woman, presents with symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD), including intense interpersonal conflicts. What is a primary focus in her treatment plan?

Administering mood-stabilizing medication.
Developing skills for emotion regulation.
Encouraging self-isolation to avoid conflicts.
Identifying and analyzing past relationships.

Question 7 of 200

7. Question

Maria, a 35-year-old woman, is struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a traumatic event. What should be a primary focus in her treatment plan?

Immediate medication to alleviate PTSD symptoms.
Teaching relaxation techniques to manage anxiety.
Identifying and processing traumatic memories.
Encouraging her to avoid trauma-related triggers.

Question 8 of 200

8. Question

Laura, a 22-year-old woman, presents with symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD), including intense interpersonal conflicts. What is a primary focus in her treatment plan?

Administering mood-stabilizing medication.
Developing skills for emotion regulation.
Encouraging self-isolation to avoid conflicts.
Identifying and analyzing past relationships.

Question 9 of 200

9. Question

In treatment planning, what is the primary purpose of setting clear and measurable goals?

To impress clients with the therapist's expertise.
To create unrealistic expectations for clients.
To provide a roadmap for therapy and evaluate progress.
To establish rigid rules for clients to follow.

Question 10 of 200

10. Question

What is the purpose of conducting ongoing assessments during the course of therapy?

To maintain strict confidentiality.
To gather information for research purposes.
To ensure that the client's treatment plan remains relevant and effective.
To satisfy regulatory requirements.

Question 11 of 200

11. Question

You have been asked to counsel a man who has been unemployed for over a year. He has recently had several interviews which have gone well until he was asked to tell how he had spent the last year and what he had achieved in that timeframe. He would then begin to blush and stammer. You help him script several positive responses to such questions and he rehearses them with you until he feels successful and confident. You assume that the man will interview more successfully in the future. Your assumption is based on the principle of

interactionism.
mnemonics.
transfer of learning.
classical conditioning.

Question 12 of 200

12. Question

In Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development, the zone of proximal development where a child needs assistance to solve problems is the

ceiling level.
lower limit.
basal level.
upper limit.

Question 13 of 200

13. Question

When a child experiences their own unique experiences either with their own family members or with outsiders this is called ___________ environmental experiences.

shared
nonshared
common
widespread

Question 14 of 200

14. Question

After reading the following four assertions of the contemporary lifespan view, determine which assertion is most closely allied with this statement: We may be able or ready to deal with situations in some areas but not others.

Developmental influences are bi-directional.
Development occurs in context.
Development is a continuous process.
Maturity is relative.

Question 15 of 200

15. Question

Another term for the smallest unit of speech with meaning is

morpheme.
phoneme.
holophrase.
syntax.

Question 16 of 200

16. Question

The stage of adulthood when volunteerism tends to peak is

middle adulthood.
early adulthood.
late adolescence.
late adulthood.

Question 17 of 200

17. Question

According to Loevinger, it is at the _____________ stage that immediate gratification tends to dictate the child’s motivation?

Impulsive Stage
Autonomous Stage
Individualistic Stage
Opportunistic Stage

Question 18 of 200

18. Question

Collette, an infant, is offered a plate of squash, a vegetable she has never before seen. Collette overcomes her fear of putting something new in her mouth by mixing them with mashed potatoes, which she loves. Collette is resolving a conflict associated with which of Erikson’s stages?

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Initiative versus Guilt
Basic Trust versus Mistrust
Industry versus Inferiority

Question 19 of 200

19. Question

According to Piaget’s cognitive stages of development during which of the following stages does object permanence become a realization?

Sensorimotor
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Pre-operational

Question 20 of 200

20. Question

The primary distinction between reinforcement and punishment is

the effect each has on behavior.
that one is a consequence while the other is not.
whether a stimulus is applied or removed following a response.
whether a response is emitted or elicited.

Question 21 of 200

21. Question

Three-year-old Savannah does not know how to open the latch on the gate, but after observing her older sister on several occasions, she finally masters the task. This is an example of the _______ effect.

modeling
eliciting
inhibitory
disinhibitory

Question 22 of 200

22. Question

According to Piaget, children end up thinking about moral issues in two dissimilar ways. Which of the following is one of those two thinking styles?

Automatic morality
Advancement morality
Autonomous morality
Affective morality

Question 23 of 200

23. Question

According to Freud, the three personality levels develop chronologically in which of the following orders?

Ego, Superego, Id
Id, Ego, Superego
Ego, Id, Superego
Superego, Id, Ego

Question 24 of 200

24. Question

According to Piaget’s cognitive stages of development during which of the following stages would a child recognize that the matter can change shape but remain the same quantity?

Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Sensorimotor

Question 25 of 200

25. Question

Which of the following answers most closely describes a middle child according to Adler?

May have an underlying insecurity by being displaced by the second child
Can become problem child; may become manipulative
May be slow in developing social skills
Usually high achievers

Question 26 of 200

26. Question

A primary factor in operant learning is

the individual's assessment of self-efficacy.
the willingness of the learner to learn.
the stimulus that elicits the behavior.
the consequence the behavior produces.

Question 27 of 200

27. Question

Which of the following theorists is credited with being the first feminist-based critic of Freud?

Patterson
Horney
Okun
Gilligan

Question 28 of 200

28. Question

All of the following are one of Mahler’s four encompassing stages EXCEPT:

normal infantile autism
normal object anticipation
constancy of self and object
normal symbiosis

Question 29 of 200

29. Question

If PKU goes undetected at birth,

full-blown AIDS will develop.
intellectual disability will occur.
there will be stunted growth.
there will be a loss of hearing.

Question 30 of 200

30. Question

Erikson, unlike Freud, did NOT accentuate all of the following EXCEPT:

The child's sociocultural environment.
The negative effect of paternal reflex patterns.
The development of the superego.
The resolution of psychosexual stages.

Question 31 of 200

31. Question

In Freudian theory, the reality-based level of personality is the

ego.
superego.
id.
libido.

Question 32 of 200

32. Question

John has been hired as a counselor to create educational activities that would encourage development of gender-fair (i.e., not stereotypic of sex-roles) attitudes among children in the higher elementary grades. Since John decided to develop the activities within the context of social learning theory, which of the following activities would be most appropriate for use in this setting?

Encouraging the children to tell what they believe are each of their parent's attitudes about activities they do (e.g., active and passive behaviors).
Scheduling movies for the children to view showing females in so-called traditionally male occupations (e.g., construction worker) or activities (e.g., checking the oil on a car) and vice versa.
Instructing the children how to ask their parents what their parents’ beliefs are about suitable roles for men and women.
Giving a reward (e.g., a small candy) to children who make gender-fair remarks during a discussion of "what people do when they grow up."

Question 33 of 200

33. Question

According to Freud, religious, ethical, and moral values reside in which portion of the personality?

Superego
Ego
Id
Libido

Question 34 of 200

34. Question

In Piaget’s theory of psycho-social development, development is considered to be a process of

adaptation.
genetic unfolding.
arousal.
learning.

Question 35 of 200

35. Question

All of the following are considered systematic observations EXCEPT:

Longitudinal
Laboratory observations
Physiological research
Case studies

Question 36 of 200

36. Question

Which of the following is generally viewed as the beginning of “crisis counseling?”

Pearl Harbor
The Coconut Grove Nightclub fire
The 1930 fall of the Stock Market
World War II

Question 37 of 200

37. Question

In the Systems theory of crises, it is presumed that a crisis is based on

the family's financial status.
the actual event that created the crisis.
the interrelationship and interdependence among and between people and events.
the inappropriate behavioral response of one member of the household.

Question 38 of 200

38. Question

Supervision is distinct from education in that the supervisor

teaches the supervisees clinical skills.
tailors supervision to the needs of the individual supervisee and the supervisee's clients.
must work in a school setting.
imposes a uniform curriculum for every supervisee.

Question 39 of 200

39. Question

A supervisor determines that a supervisee is having difficulty responding appropriately to a client. In order to help the supervisee change her responses, the supervisor focuses on the internal dialogue that takes place within the supervisee regarding the client. The supervisor suggests new ways of viewing the client by engaging in alternative self-talk. What model of supervision is the supervisor most likely using?

Psychodynamic
Person-centered
Systemic
Cognitive-behavioral

Question 40 of 200

40. Question

CETA, or Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (PL 93-203), provides for

administration of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
retraining for reasons of unemployment history and low educational level.
establishment of national career counseling guidelines for all ages.
education and training for AFDC recipients.

Question 41 of 200

41. Question

Sheehy’s “pulling up roots” period is a period where an adult should

find a peer group.
integrate disowned parts.
avoid peers.
attach to work.

Question 42 of 200

42. Question

Situational theory connects career choice with

work location.
home situation.
economy.
job position.

Question 43 of 200

43. Question

AARP provides social services to individuals who are

age 50+.
age 60+.
age 75+.
age 70+.

Question 44 of 200

44. Question

The funds established by the George-Barden Act of 1946 are for

academic counselor-training programs.
the Army General Classification Test.
ACT testing programs.
publication of the first Mental Measurements Yearbook.

Question 45 of 200

45. Question

According to Tiedeman, which of the following answers is the term used to encompass the steps of exploration, crystallization, choice, and clarification?

Normalization
Anticipation
Formation
None of the Above

Question 46 of 200

46. Question

In using computer-assisted career programs, which of the following best describes the role of the counselor?

Counselor intervenes, assists, and gives feedback if appropriate
Counselor is not needed
Counselor needed only to closely instruct on use of program
Counselor grades the computer generated inventories

Question 47 of 200

47. Question

Building a relationship, assessing reason for counseling, setting goals, identifying interventions, and preparing client for termination and follow-up are stages of counseling according to

Cormier and Hackney.
Corny.
Egan.
Ivey.

Question 48 of 200

48. Question

The computer-based instrument designed by Katz for the purpose of values clarification in career development is known as

SIGI.
NVGA.
MVP.
BGT.

Question 49 of 200

49. Question

How would secretarial work be classified in Holland’s scheme?

Conventional
Realistic
Clerical
Enterprising

Question 50 of 200

50. Question

Tiedeman’s career development theory has as its central concept

self-knowledge.
self-development.
self-esteem.
self-concept.

Question 51 of 200

51. Question

An occupation is an activity an individual pursues as a source of livelihood. Another word for occupation is

work.
job.
performance.
career demands.

Question 52 of 200

52. Question

The career development approach which is often referred to as “the matching approach” is known as

career maturity.
trait-and-factor.
social learning.
anticipation/implementation.

Question 53 of 200

53. Question

The three designated stages of career development outlined by Ginzberg and associates are

early, middle, late.
fantasy, tentative, realistic.
growth, exploration, establishment.
analysis, synthesis, prognosis.

Question 54 of 200

54. Question

The six personal orientations of Holland’s hexagonal model, in order, are

investigative, artistic, social, realistic, enterprising, conventional.
realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional.
enterprising, investigative, social, artistic, realistic, conventional.
social, investigative, realistic, enterprising, artistic, conventional.

Question 55 of 200

55. Question

A female worker who receives training, enters into a career and then ends the career upon marriage is described as having the career pattern of

unstable.
double track.
conventional.
interrupted.

Question 56 of 200

56. Question

The author of Choosing a Vocation is

John Holland.
Donald Super.
E.G. Williamson.
Frank Parsons.

Question 57 of 200

57. Question

Many factors come into play in career counseling. These include age, environment, expectations, etc. In career counseling, a person’s stated interests

are a good gauge of vocational preference.
suggest that they need additional training.
usually indicate unrealistic perceptions.
become less important as further career testing is completed.

Question 58 of 200

58. Question

Career development theories based on Trait-and-Factor theory assume that

fantasy is the beginning stage of career development.
self-concept is vital to occupational choices.
personality plays an important role in career choice.
people have unique abilities that can be objectively measured and evaluated in relationship to job requirements.

Question 59 of 200

59. Question

Super’s work has made valuable contributions to the career development field. One of these important contributions has been

discovering the effects of social institutions on career development.
formulating vocational developmental stages.
applying psychoanalytic theory to career choice.
applying learning theory to career choice.

Question 60 of 200

60. Question

Holland’s theory assumes all of the following EXCEPT:

Occupational stability is determined exclusively by milieu ignorance.
The choice of an occupation is an expression of personality.
The members of an occupational group have similar personalities and histories of personal development.
Occupational achievement, stability, and satisfaction depend on congruence between personality and job environment.

Question 61 of 200

61. Question

Ginzberg et. al developed a multidisciplinary theory of career development that includes three periods in the career development process. Their theory is best described as

needs.
developmental.
personality.
trait and factor.

Question 62 of 200

62. Question

In a 1985 refinement of his theory, Holland identified which of these secondary assumptions to his theory?

Some types of persons or environments have more relationship to each other than do others.
Combinations of persons have a cumulative effect on their environments.
His hexagon could be used to illustrate matching job types.
RIASEC is applicable to multicultural counseling.

Question 63 of 200

63. Question

Which of the following answers is the correct term used to describe a group of similar positions in a particular work setting?

Career
Job
Occupation
Job satisfaction

Question 64 of 200

64. Question

All of the following answers do NOT correctly describe the term “underemployed” EXCEPT:

Employed in an underground economy.
Employed in an area in which you have extensive training.
Being over-qualified.
Not having enough work.

Question 65 of 200

65. Question

Which country has the highest incidence of teen pregnancies?

U.S.
Sweden
China
Mexico

Question 66 of 200

66. Question

What is the correct order of the grief stages as proposed by Kubler-Ross?

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
Anger, Denial, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
Denial, Bargaining, Anger, Depression, Acceptance
Denial, Anger, Depression, Bargaining, Acceptance

Question 67 of 200

67. Question

John’s counselor notices that he prefers direct eye contact for speaking, has demonstrative behavior, speaks loyally of family, has flexible orientation to time, remains silent with confrontation and deals directly with issues. He is most characteristic of which minority group?

Hispanic Americans
Native Americans
Black Americans
Asian Americans

Question 68 of 200

68. Question

Which of the following answers most closely correlates with the number one cause of death for young people between the ages of 16 and 24?

Suicide
Alcohol-related vehicular accidents
Various forms of cancer
Homicide

Question 69 of 200

69. Question

The strategies of obtaining information discretely, maintaining focus on the presenting problem, giving careful consideration to intergenerational conflict and limiting time for treatment planning are considered effective in counseling which ethnic minority group?

Native Americans
Black Americans
Asian Americans
Hispanic Americans

Question 70 of 200

70. Question

Which of the following answers is the most likely description of couples who divorce most in Western society? Those who

enjoy dual, distant careers.
marry someone they know.
marry in their late twenties.
marry in their teens.

Question 71 of 200

71. Question

Propinquity, as it relates to sociology, is a concept demonstrated by

the tolerance of differences between differing minority groups.
the feelings of acceptance one minority holds for another minority.
the reduction of racial prejudice when Caucasian Americans reside next to people from a minority group.
None of the Above

Question 72 of 200

72. Question

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the traits and characteristics in personality disorders?

They are transient.
They may appear to become more pronounced as the individual reaches middle or old age due to the loss of a spouse or significant person who sheltered the individual from the full effects of the disorder.
They cause significant functional impairment.
They are not recognizable until adulthood.

Question 73 of 200

73. Question

Which of the following would be one example of a victimless sexual variant?

Transvestism
Rape
Exhibitionism
Voyeurism

Question 74 of 200

74. Question

Waxy flexibility, in terms of schizophrenia symptoms, is

fluid movement.
easily falling over
resistance to re-positioning.
negativism.

Question 75 of 200

75. Question

Factitious disorders have

positive symptoms of psychosis.
symptoms of enduring sexual desire.
symptoms of faked illness.
symptoms of reactive memory loss.

Question 76 of 200

76. Question

Which of the following is correct about Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder?

It rarely has a psychological basis.
It is organic pain that may have a psychological component.
It is the most common sexual disorder.
It is not as common in females as it is in males.

Question 77 of 200

77. Question

Which of the following answers most accurately describes characteristics common to all dissociative disorders?

an alteration in consciousness, memory, or identity.
a split between reality and fantasy.
physical symptoms with no physiological basis.
feelings of desensitization.

Question 78 of 200

78. Question

Somatic symptom disorders are concerned with

faked illness.
loss of memory and functioning.
acute anxiety.
bodily symptoms which cause significant distress and impairment.

Question 79 of 200

79. Question

A child experiences significant interference in achievement or daily activities, and standardized tests reveal a discrepancy between the child’s intelligence level and achievement level. The child may be diagnosed with:

communications disorder.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
a specific learning disorder.
autism spectrum disorder.

Question 80 of 200

80. Question

All of the following apply to Passive Aggressive Personality Disorder EXCEPT:

Procrastination
The DSM-5 does not have a category for this disorder.
Forgetfulness
Argumentative

Question 81 of 200

81. Question

A study that compares the attitudes of a group of the same students at the end of each year of college involves _____________________.

cross-sectional sampling
longitudinal sampling
time sampling
experimental sampling

Question 82 of 200

82. Question

Kurtosis refers to the general shape of a curve at the median point of a distribution. If the kurtosis is pointed or peaked, it is described as

pekokurtic.
platykurtic.
leptokurtic.
mesokurtic.

Question 83 of 200

83. Question

In a research project to determine if annual income is dependent on level of education, the dependent variable is

type of education received.
annual income.
grade level.
experimental research.

Question 84 of 200

84. Question

The reduction in value of your automobile as it accumulates more miles is indicative of a(n)

Positive Correlation.
Negative Correlation.
Excessive Correlation.
Reliability Correlation.

Question 85 of 200

85. Question

Researcher A is did a study on mirroring methods by NLP counselors. She had problems in her sampling methodology, set her alpha level at .01, and is in the process of concluding her study. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

There is not a threat to internal validity stated.
There is a threat to test validity stated.
There is a threat to internal validity stated.
There is a threat to concurrent validity stated.

Question 86 of 200

86. Question

The most commonly used measure of central tendency that shows the average of the observations in a distribution is the

mode.
mean.
range.
median.

Question 87 of 200

87. Question

Researcher A conducted a study to determine the effect of the second verbal exchange between a Brief-Solution-Focused counselor and their client’s interpretation of the counselor’s next comments. She has a well designed study and her level of significance is set at .01. Researcher B is doing a study to determine if family therapy is more effective with adolescence than individual counseling. He has a well designed study and sets his alpha level at .05. Theoretically,

Researcher B will have a wider range of scores than will Researcher A.
Researcher A is less likely to make a Type I error.
Researcher A will have more "significant" research than B.
Researcher B is more likely to get "significant" results.

Question 88 of 200

88. Question

The standard __________ expresses how much each score varies or deviates from the mean in a set of scores.

mode
statistic
score
deviation

Question 89 of 200

89. Question

You are working with a client whose score on a standardized test is reported at the 70th percentile. Which of the following answers indicates the client’s score reported in standard deviations?

Between 0 and +1 SD
Between -1 and -2 SD
It would fall exactly at the +2 SD
Between +2 and +3 SD

Question 90 of 200

90. Question

The Hawthorne Effect can be a problem in psychological research. It appears when

subjects' awareness of an experimental procedure affects the way they perform.
the investigator generalizes data beyond the sample it represents.
the investigator assumes that because two events are related, one causes the other.
experimenter's expectations or biases alter the outcome of the study.

Question 91 of 200

91. Question

Thorndike developed a multiple theory of intelligence that consists of three clusters of intelligence that include

social, concrete, abstract.
educational, social, biological.
arts, performance, language.
mental age, chronological age, mean age.

Question 92 of 200

92. Question

If asked to give a test to determine the IQ of a 12 year old child with cerebral palsy, you would most correctly recommend the use of the

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale – 5th Edition.
Arthur Performance Scale.
Raven Progressive Matrices.
WISC.

Question 93 of 200

93. Question

A local elementary school has been administering the COGAT test all week to 5th graders. The validity most concerned with such a measure is

achievement validity.
score validity.
content validity.
concurrent validity.

Question 94 of 200

94. Question

A main disadvantage of projective tests is that

the subject is not aware of the purpose of the test.
they provide a view of the total functioning of the individual.
they are often pan-cultural because they demand no literacy or academic skills.
the examiner's bias can skew interpretation.

Question 95 of 200

95. Question

The first attempt to measure IQ was by the French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon in

1965
1945
1905
1925

Question 96 of 200

96. Question

Which of the following is one of Holland’s six occupational themes?

Independent
Conventional
Resourceful
Objective

Question 97 of 200

97. Question

When a test yields scores that can be compared to scores of other individuals for the same test, it is most likely a

criterion-referenced test.
norm-referenced test.
low range test.
reliable test.

Question 98 of 200

98. Question

The standard deviation on Stanford-Binet intelligence tests is:

10
14
15
16

Question 99 of 200

99. Question

Age norms for the WISC-IV cover ages 6-16. Age norms for the WPPSI-III cover ages:

3-7.
3-6.
2-7
birth-6.

Question 100 of 200

100. Question

Which of the following scales on the MMPI-2 would describe a person who behaves impulsively without being bound by typical social rules?

Hs – Scale 1
Pd – Scale 4
Hy – Scale 3
Pt – Scale 7

Question 101 of 200

101. Question

Professor Smith administered a test that resulted in a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 15. From this information, one can conclude that

68% of the scores fell within ±2 SEM.
99.7% of the scores fell below 75.
96% of the scores fell above 30.
68% of the scores fell between 45 & 75.

Question 102 of 200

102. Question

Greg uses a form of item analysis that reveals the proportion of test takers who got the item correct and is called

item-validity index.
item-difficulty index.
item-reliability index.
item-discrimination index.

Question 103 of 200

103. Question

Which of the following are used as scores on the Wechsler tests?

Ratio IQ
Global IQ
Verbal, Performance, Full scale
General factors

Question 104 of 200

104. Question

Carla has come to you for counseling. You determine that you will use a psychological test to aid in your assessment. In response to one of Carla’s questions about the test you are going to use, you explain that psychological tests

are standardized sets of procedures.
usually do not involve comparisons of different people.
involve observation of a client’s behavior.
are a direct means of assessing behavior.

Question 105 of 200

105. Question

As Hugh, a new counselor, deliberates the use of various tests with his clients, he determines that he does NOT want to use a projective test in one particular setting. Which of the following tests should he not use?

Sentence-Completion Test
Rorschach Inkblot Test
MMPI-2
Thematic Apperception Test

Question 106 of 200

106. Question

The Binet-Simon Scale was based on

mental age.
mental age divided by chronological age.
chronological age divided by mental age.
chronological age.

Question 107 of 200

107. Question

A group of clients achieved the following raw scores on a standardized test: 66, 67, 69, 70, 70, 70, 71, 75, 81, and 96. The range is

30
positively skewed.
negatively skewed.
71

Question 108 of 200

108. Question

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of brief therapy?

Focus on specific goals
Limited goals
Limited time
Non-directive therapist

Question 109 of 200

109. Question

Criticism has been leveled at the existential-humanistic therapies because of their

precision concerning the relationship between the therapist and client.
being too mechanistic and impersonal.
lack of agreed-on therapeutic procedures.
challenging clients excessively, resulting in an excessively high deterioration rate.

Question 110 of 200

110. Question

Studies affirm that cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of depressions seems to be

as effective as drug treatment.
less effective than drug treatment, except in the least severe cases.
as effective as drug treatment in treating initial symptoms, but less effective in preventing relapse.
more effective than drug treatment, except in the most severe cases.

Question 111 of 200

111. Question

A theorist who declared that, in a healthy person, the locus of evaluation is internal, was

A.T. Beck.
Carl Rogers.
Carl Jung.
Albert Bandura.

Question 112 of 200

112. Question

Regarding variant sexual behavior, treatment

is most effective when aversive conditioning is used alone.
has progressed further than treatment of the dysfunctions.
has been shown to be relatively effective if long-term monitoring and supervision is used.
has been a dismal failure to this point.

Question 113 of 200

113. Question

Which of the following people is associated with non-directive play therapy?

Axline
Freud
Fritz
Taft

Question 114 of 200

114. Question

When Liza seeks help because she is considering suicide, the therapist implements crisis intervention for the purpose of

helping her deal with the immediate life crisis.
communicating warmth and understanding without providing any specific direction.
emphasizing the anger that she feels toward herself and others.
restructuring Liza’s personality.

Question 115 of 200

115. Question

Tom Harris and his writings are associated with

TA.
DSM.
Bibliotherapy.
REBT.

Question 116 of 200

116. Question

Eugenics can be defined as

a rating of ingenuity in females under the age of 20.
a system of genetic engineering.
a nutritional approach to mental functioning.
a specialty license required by morticians.

Question 117 of 200

117. Question

The psychoanalytic view of human development views

obesity as the result of a fixation at the latency stage.
developmental obesity as a response to parental rejection.
obesity as a conscious response to a need for independence.
reactive obesity as due to a significantly increased number of adipose cells.

Question 118 of 200

118. Question

Who first presented the concept of observational learning?

Carkhuff
Miller
Beck
Bandura

Question 119 of 200

119. Question

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers?

He de-emphasized testing.
He saw himself as an authority figure to the client.
He emphasizes testing.
He wrote the first edition of the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.

Question 120 of 200

120. Question

As a trait theorist, Raymond Cattell identified numerous personality traits using

free association.
structural analysis.
factor analysis.
projective techniques.

Question 121 of 200

121. Question

Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality as well as a form of therapy. The person who developed this theory is

Freud.
Erickson.
Sullivan.
Piaget.

Question 122 of 200

122. Question

Carl Jung believed the psyche, or personality, has three components which he called

social unconscious, social conscious, and personal conscious.
id, ego, libido.
conscious, personal unconscious, collective unconscious.
conscious, unconscious, subconscious.

Question 123 of 200

123. Question

Steve’s newest client is a fifty-three year old white female with one child. She was married to the child’s father until the child was three. Then they divorced and she went back into her self-proclaimed hippie lifestyle. After living with a married man for several more years, she finally broke off that relationship when her partner would not leave his wife for religious reasons. Steve needs to explain to her the logical inconsistencies in her statements. This counseling technique is known as

summarization.
paradoxical intention.
systematic desensitization.
confrontation.

Question 124 of 200

124. Question

A client remarks, “I have so many bad habits. In fact, I do not see anything at all that I do well.” Beck’s view of maladaptive behavior would direct a counselor to classify this statement as indicative of

a cognitive distortion.
catastrophic emotions.
lack of self-esteem.
awfulizing.

Question 125 of 200

125. Question

A counselor who has adopted Ellis’ theories would suggest that people become emotionally disturbed as a result of none of the following EXCEPT:

That they accept certain beliefs and thereby create a disturbance.
That they continue to indoctrinate themselves with erroneous ideas.
They continually accept the truth that comes to them as they tell themselves the truth.
That their continual clarification of erroneous ideas creates a disturbance.

Question 126 of 200

126. Question

When in public, individuals wear masks for societal roles. The public face is called what in Jungian theory?

Shadow
Persona
Animus
Anima

Question 127 of 200

127. Question

The concept of BASIC ID forms the basis of

multimodal therapy.
behavioral therapy.
expectancy therapy.
drive-reduction theory.

Question 128 of 200

128. Question

Regarding rational emotive behavioral therapy, the counselor’s disputing intervention is directed at producing change at

point A – the activating event.
point B – the belief system.
point D – the feelings of defeat and depression.
point C – the emotional consequences.

Question 129 of 200

129. Question

Defense mechanisms serve to

unconsciously and rationally combat impulses.
unconsciously and irrationally combat ego anxiety.
consciously and rationally combat moral dilemmas.
consciously and rationally combat what is unknown.

Question 130 of 200

130. Question

All of the following do not refer to what Rogers referred to with his term unconditional positive regard EXCEPT:

It is an intense sense of loyalty toward the client.
It is unconditional approval of the client's attitudes and actions.
It is the conviction that the client is someone of worth and value.
It is categorically imperative to agree with the client's values.

Question 131 of 200

131. Question

Life-space theory, or field theory, is based on all of the following principles EXCEPT:

Inherited drives and environmental influence determine personality.
Person plus environment equals life space.
Behavior results in new perceptions of self.
Behavior is the result of perception.

Question 132 of 200

132. Question

All of the following are disadvantages of punishment, but one does not belong. Which one usually does not belong?

Causes anger and fear
Extinguishes the undesirable response
Models aggression
None of the Above

Question 133 of 200

133. Question

Joyce is a four-year-old girl with autism. Her parents have sought help from a counselor who has specialized in treating autistic children. Since Joyce’s eyesight is poor, she should wear corrective lenses, but her parents have been unable to get her to consistently put her glasses on her face. The counselor executes a plan whereby Joyce is reinforced initially for picking up her eyeglass frames, then for holding them, then for carrying them around with her, and then for putting the frames on her head to wear them. This therapy is an example of which of the following terms?

Negative Reinforcement
Systematic Desensitization
Response Shaping
Aversion Therapy

Question 134 of 200

134. Question

Regarding behavioral counseling, an accurate statement would be that

a sense of self is essential to bring about insight for change.
archeological journeys into one's early years are critical for change to occur.
reinforcements are not essential for change to remain.
since nearly all behavior is learned it can be altered via specific techniques.

Question 135 of 200

135. Question

Slot machines are a good example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

Fixed-interval
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Variable-interval

Question 136 of 200

136. Question

A toddler discovers that a smile on the mom’s face means “yes” and a hug, but a frown means “no” and no hug. This is an example of

discriminative stimulus.
successive approximation.
shaping.
chaining.

Question 137 of 200

137. Question

A golfer comes to you seeking help to get over his fear of earth worms. As he related several incidents about losing tournaments he could not complete due to his fear, you began formulating you approach. Having your client hold a jar containing earth worms would be illustrative of

successive approximation.
implosive therapy.
flooding.
stress inoculation.

Question 138 of 200

138. Question

Karen Horney identified ten neurotic needs which include all of the following EXCEPT:

Personal admiration
Power
Independence
Risktaking

Question 139 of 200

139. Question

Listening with the Third Ear was written by

Otto Rank.
Harry Stack Sullivan.
Theodore Reik.
Alfred Adler.

Question 140 of 200

140. Question

Which theorist developed an approach to counseling founded on analysis of three separate ego states?

Berne
Jung
Dreikurs
Freud

Question 141 of 200

141. Question

Which of the following is true regarding cognitive-behavioral therapy?

It denies the importance of reinforcement and punishment.
It assumes that behavior must change prior to the change of cognitions.
It suggests that the therapist should take a less active role than is typically the case in behavior therapies.
It assumes that cognitive processes influence both motivation and behavior.

Question 142 of 200

142. Question

According to Williamson’s counseling format, the counselor’s conclusion about problem causes and characteristics is called

synthesis.
prognosis.
diagnosis.
None of the Above

Question 143 of 200

143. Question

A counselor who used mirroring and pacing to establish rapport with a client is most likely a practitioner of

Psychodrama.
Behavior Therapy.
Neurolinguistic Programming.
Gestalt Therapy.

Question 144 of 200

144. Question

Consider theorists at the two extremes (directive to nondirective) of counselor roles. Which two theorists would you categorize at these extremes?

Arbuckle and Rogers
Carkhuff and Ellis
Glasser and Berne
Ellis and Rogers

Question 145 of 200

145. Question

Carkhuff et al, asserted that being an effective counselor requires more than an appropriate academic degree and credential. The effective counselor must exhibit certain qualities such as immediacy, which is

consistently beginning and ending the session at the agreed upon time.
positioning oneself as close to the client as comfortable.
being with the client in an emotional, cognitive, and physical manner.
ensuring your availability so the client can reach you in case of an emergency.

Question 146 of 200

146. Question

Burnout is considered the most common negative consequence experienced by counselors according to Kohler, and its symptoms include

drug dependence.
distortions in effectiveness.
greater focus on personal identity than on client identity.
self vigilance.

Question 147 of 200

147. Question

Which theorist studied the addictive dimensions of empathy and concluded that basic empathy is essential but not sufficient?

Fromm
Maslow
Carkhuff
Frankl

Question 148 of 200

148. Question

Her clients say of their counselor Laura that “what you see is what you get” meaning that she consistently behaves in accordance with her own values and perceptions. Laura is exhibiting the trait called

attending.
trustworthiness.
empathy.
genuineness.

Question 149 of 200

149. Question

A counselor who adopts an integrative approach to diversity among clients would be most likely to

enable clients to question the impact that their culture has on their lives.
focus on a person’s cultural heritage before any other factors.
gain extensive knowledge of a client’s specific culture.
transcend his/her own cultural biases.

Question 150 of 200

150. Question

The later writings of Carl Rogers reveal his belief that the most important of the therapist attributes is

accurate empathy.
congruence or genuineness.
unconditional positive regard.
immediacy.

Question 151 of 200

151. Question

LuAnn begins her session with her new counselor, Monica, by expressing her criticisms of her former counselor. Monica’s best technique is to

neither defend nor support the criticism.
defend the counselor.
agree with the counselee.
support the counselee so as to gain rapport with her.

Question 152 of 200

152. Question

According to Bateson, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Double binds are created purposefully when the mother repeatedly gives two messages of congruity to the same child over a long period of time.
Double binds are created purposefully when the mother repeatedly gives two messages of incongruity to the same child over a long period of time.
Double binds are created purposefully when the mother repeatedly gives multiple messages to the same child designed to clarify an original message.
Double binds are created innocently and due to the intellectual inability of children to understand their mothers.

Question 153 of 200

153. Question

Which of the following theorists believed that sets of techniques inhibits a therapist?

Glasser
Bowen
Perls
Whitaker

Question 154 of 200

154. Question

Which of the following answers best labels one of the two cornerstone concepts of family systems therapy?

Differentiation of the self
Emotional cutoff
Societal regression
Sibling position

Question 155 of 200

155. Question

Which of the following is NOT considered a paradoxical directive from the strategic model?

Devil's pact
Restraining changes
Ordeals
None of the Above

Question 156 of 200

156. Question

Cybernetics is the study of

communication.
blame.
feedback loops.
theory.

Question 157 of 200

157. Question

Change in family system structure is called

calibration.
second order change.
first order change.
linear causality.

Question 158 of 200

158. Question

In the Bowen family system model, which option listed contains key concepts held by the model?

Circularity, Family games, Alliances
Object relations, Splitting, Transference
Solutions, Complaint, Constructivism
Differentiation, Emotional cutoff, Nuclear family emotional system

Question 159 of 200

159. Question

An approach to family therapy, where family members can grow individually and within the group, where a battle for structure keeps the therapist in control, where a battle for initiative keeps the family open for change, and where ante up refers to facing personal responsibilities, is Whitaker’s

systemic approach.
gestalt family therapy.
symbolic-experiential approach.
strategic approach.

Question 160 of 200

160. Question

Which model of therapy comes from a social constructionist perspective?

Structural
Experiential
Narrative
Solution focused

Question 161 of 200

161. Question

Which of the following answers correctly defines the family type that is typified by family members feeling unable to act as autonomous individuals, separate and apart from other family members?

Enmeshed
Enriched
Energized
Expressive

Question 162 of 200

162. Question

At any given point in the session a therapist using a structural perspective might align himself/herself with one member of the family. Which of the following terms most accurately describes this alignment?

Balancing
Reframing
Sustaining
Unbalancing

Question 163 of 200

163. Question

What a surprise the Pratt family had, when through family sculpting with their professional counselor they discovered elements of hierarchy and hostility they had been unaware of. Family life chronology assisted them in understanding family history and the unique potential of growth for each member. The therapy most likely used by the counselor is

gestalt family therapy.
structural therapy.
experiential family therapy.
family systems therapy.

Question 164 of 200

164. Question

Which of the following is the most accurate portrayal of family therapy?

It has yet to be used in any large-scale manner.
It involves treating each member of the family individually.
It assumes that the disorder shown by the identified client is a symptom of a larger family problem.
It developed in response to the large number of families who sought assistance for family problems.

Question 165 of 200

165. Question

Which of the following is an important goal in the Cognitive Behavioral family model?

Resolve complaint by refocusing
Facilitate growth through enhanced communication
Eliminate undesirable behavior
Remove the problem through externalization

Question 166 of 200

166. Question

A counselor advertises that she has developed a method for treating panic attacks that is 100% effective. The treatment consists of a number of cognitive and behavioral techniques that have been supported in the research literature for their effectiveness in addressing such issues as anxiety and panic attacks. The counselor had received extensive training and supervision in the use of these techniques. To what kind of liability would the counselor most likely be vulnerable?

Vicarious liability
Breach of contract
Battery
Negligence

Question 167 of 200

167. Question

In consultation with hospital administration, a consultant requests a clear description of targeted behaviors that need to change. She then focuses on changing environmental factors that are maintaining the behaviors. This consultant is most likely using which of the following models consultation?

Process
Systems
Behavioral
Training

Question 168 of 200

168. Question

Avoiding fragmentation and giving direction, continuity, and meaning to a session is accomplished by employing the skill known as

summarizing.
initiating.
blocking.
reflecting feelings.

Question 169 of 200

169. Question

All of the following methods are recommended as ways of dealing with a group member’s hostile feelings EXCEPT:

Allowing the member to act out his feelings.
Recognizing the member's hostility and helping him to verbalize it.
Stating the limits on a specific hostile act.
Allowing the hostile person to take a break and meet with the counselor after the session.

Question 170 of 200

170. Question

People using _______________ to justify their life scripts are considered to have collections of bad feelings.

games
basic decisions
counter-injunctions
rackets

Question 171 of 200

171. Question

In a group setting, the term that denotes an approach to the whole group as opposed to an individual member is called a

horizontal intervention.
parallel transaction.
crossed transaction.
vertical intervention.

Question 172 of 200

172. Question

Mullan is associated with which group therapy model?

Psychoanalytic
Person-centered
Existential
TA

Question 173 of 200

173. Question

Corey points out several advantages to group counseling which include all of the following EXCEPT:

Less costly than individual counseling
Opportunity to practice different behaviors
The practice of non-disclosure.
Exploration of social skills

Question 174 of 200

174. Question

Which of the following leadership styles is considered the most effective?

Manager style
Laissez faire style
Provider style
Type A style

Question 175 of 200

175. Question

Which of the following is deemed unethical within group work?

Sexually inappropriate aggressive overtures
Using structured exercises in a group session
Leaderless groups
Socializing among group members

Question 176 of 200

176. Question

Life-script analysis and structural analysis are part of what group theory?

Psychoanalytic
Gestalt
Transactional analysis
Experiential

Question 177 of 200

177. Question

Yalom explains that a group leader style of manager is

moderately effective.
minimally effective.
least effective.
most effective.

Question 178 of 200

178. Question

Which of the following is considered a major limitation to group work?

A group member could begin to accept the group as a substitute for the real world.
There is the possibility that a group leader could lose control of his/her group and thereby have group members experience emotional harm.
All of the other choices are major limitations to group work.
A client could be put into a group when in reality he/she needs individual therapy before being able to benefit from the group setting.

Question 179 of 200

179. Question

The leader in an Adlerian group sees his or her primary goal as that of

interpreting resistance.
challenging the beliefs and goals of the members.
uncovering repressed material.
developing a treatment plan and evaluating results.

Question 180 of 200

180. Question

Yalom considers the most important guideline in selecting group members to be

genuineness.
awareness.
unconditional positive regard.
cohesion or comfort.

Question 181 of 200

181. Question

The use of techniques such as rehearsal, unfinished business, reversal of polarities, hot seat, and imagery is most common to which group therapy?

Psychoanalytic
Gestalt
Psychodrama
Experiential

Question 182 of 200

182. Question

A counselor spends great effort in setting up a new interpersonal skills group for young professional business people. After only two sessions, the group size drops from twelve members to seven members. The reasons for drop outs vary and Yalom identifies all of the following as drop out reasons EXCEPT:

Fear of emotional contagion
Insufficient orientation
Secrecy in sub-grouping
Volunteer membership

Question 183 of 200

183. Question

Roles within groups serve different functions. Task roles aid a group to achieve its explicit goals. The roles which help group members to work together are called

energizer roles.
maintenance roles.
recognition roles.
gatekeeping.

Question 184 of 200

184. Question

A fundamental goal of a group based on Gestalt therapy is

to challenge one's philosophy of life.
to resolve transferent neurosis.
to uncover repressed childhood experiences.
to challenge members to see ways in which they are avoiding responsibility for their awareness.

Question 185 of 200

185. Question

Which of the following is a competency skill for a support group leader?

Teaching small groups
Experience with group process
Experience with an addiction
Ability to lead a workshop on the issue

Question 186 of 200

186. Question

Three main tasks of the group leader, according to Yalom, are creating and maintaining the group, creating a social system within the group, and

bringing focus to the here-and-now.
maintaining cohesion with group regression.
motivating the group.
ending the group appropriately.

Question 187 of 200

187. Question

The providing style of a group leader is considered by Yalom to be

minimally effective.
most effective.
least effective.
moderately effective.

Question 188 of 200

188. Question

What decade saw an extreme increase in abuses of counseling including the taking of kickbacks by some counselors?

1990s
1980s
1960s
1970s

Question 189 of 200

189. Question

The licensure of counselors has been most strongly opposed by

psychiatrists.
marriage and family therapists.
psychologists.
social workers.

Question 190 of 200

190. Question

Which of the following answers is the most least likely reason a counselor would be found to be negligent?

The counselor's failure to act injured the client in some way.
The counselor consulted with another professional.
The counselor's actions caused harm to a client.
The counselor used a reasonable standard of care in treating the client.

Question 191 of 200

191. Question

From the mid 1800s to the early 1900s, the main focus of counseling was on

groups and group testing.
individual traits and testing.
individual needs.
psychoanalysis.

Question 192 of 200

192. Question

The concept used to describe counseling’s evolution into a self-monitored group of practitioners who function according to a formal body of knowledge and according to specified standards is called

professionalism.
aspirational ethics.
advocacy.
legalization.

Question 193 of 200

193. Question

Henry operates alone in private practice, seeing a relatively high functioning level of clients. During the intake process, Henry informs all of his clients that it is his practice to go on vacation in August and in December and that he has no back up individual on call for sessions but that he will provide the names and phone numbers of practitioners and organizations in the event of a crisis. According to the ACA Code of Ethics, Henry is guilty of

malpractice by negligence.
client abandonment.
substandard treatment.
adequate treatment.

Question 194 of 200

194. Question

The right to choose what personal information will be shared or withheld from others and under what circumstances is best described by the term

professional relationship.
privacy.
confidentiality.
privileged communication.

Question 195 of 200

195. Question

After over 20 years counseling in an urban area, a counselor who is well known in the community decides to buy out a group practice and manage it. The counselor is a very competent businessman and soon finds that he is enjoying the management side of things to the extent that he closes his private practice to devote himself to full-time management. The counselor looks to expand the services his group practice offers and so hires a couple of competent professionals to develop psychoeducational services for the community. Because he is so well known, the counselor allows his name to be placed on the marketing materials along with the other counselors with the implication that he is still offering counseling services. Which statement below best addresses this situation?

The counselor should not allow his name to be used in professional notices since he is no longer offering counseling services directly.
Since the counselor is so well known in the community, it is perfectly ethical for him to lend his name to the services.
The counselor should obtain training in mass marketing techniques.
Counselors in executive positions should never allow their names to be used in marketing professional services.

Question 196 of 200

196. Question

One of the best ways to ensure that you, as a counselor, adhere to community standards and have a sound justification for your course of action with a client is

keeping up to date on legislative matters.
regular continuing education.
consultation.
thorough record keeping.

Question 197 of 200

197. Question

A counselor, maintaining a full private practice, begins to exhibit symptoms of depression. Financial difficulties and a recent divorce are the precipitating factors. The counselor continues to see clients even though he notices an increasing difficulty in listening and in controlling his emotional reactions. What is the best course of action for this counselor?

Close his practice until he is over his depression
Utilize cognitive restructuring or other approaches to help with his depression
Obtain treatment for his depression and supervision for his practice
Report himself to the appropriate ethics committee

Question 198 of 200

198. Question

Generally speaking, codes of ethics recommend that a counselor only provide services for which he or she has been trained and has had sufficient experience to ensure that he or she will be able to deliver the service adequately. Which of the following answers most closely represents the most correct statement about a guideline regarding the field of counseling?

Most counselors are untrained and, thus, the standard cannot be applied to counseling.
Experience is probably an adequate substitute for formal training in the area of counseling.
Standards for training are unique to the situation and thus it is difficult to apply an absolute standard to every situation.
Counselors have been reluctant to report unethical behavior because of the state of counseling.

Question 199 of 200

199. Question

Select the statement that best reflects the basis for most therapist stress.

I do not have to be enthusiastic on a consistent basis but I had better be competent on a consistent basis.
I ask too much of myself and I have realized that I need to lower my own expectations.
If I do not live up to my expectations of excellence, I am personally incompetent and ineffective.
Given the current cultural morass, my clients are presenting with much higher levels of risk.

Question 200 of 200

200. Question

Bill Smith is a counselor who is devoted to attending workshops and seminars to improve his counseling skills. He also stays abreast of current trends within the counseling profession and is active in supporting ethical and legal issues that would enhance the profession. He is said to have good

professional orientation.
ethical concerns.
judgment.
clinical skills.